Energy, Climate & War: Can Europe Stay Secure Through the Green Transition?

In this talk, Marthe Gerhardsen, State Secretary at Norway’s Ministry of Defence, argues that energy security, climate policy, and security policy are inseparable. She highlights how Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East have demonstrated that energy infrastructure is both a target and a tool of conflict. Norway’s role as a reliable energy partner for Europe is emphasized, providing about 13% of the EU’s gas imports. The green transition is framed as a security strategy, reducing dependency on imported fossil fuels and enhancing resilience. However, short-term security needs may conflict with long-term climate goals, as seen in emergency measures during supply disruptions. New vulnerabilities arise from digitalization and interconnection, increasing exposure to cyber threats and hybrid attacks. The Arctic is identified as a strategically important region undergoing rapid climate change, requiring continued investment in security. Gerhardsen concludes that managing the transition requires resilient energy systems, diversified supply chains, and strong alliances, asserting that security and climate goals are two sides of the same challenge.